فصلنامه إضاءات نقدیه فی الادبین العربی و الفارسی
پیاپی 37 (ربیع 2020)

Exploring literary texts and critiques of such works has been always a subject of literary criticism. Formalism that from now on referred to as 'new criticism' emerged in 20 century. The literary texts analysis in this school was done solely through form and structure based on linguistics. The authors of this paper intend to study and present a sonnet of Sa'adi (deceased in ah 690) as well as a sonnet of Mirza Sohrab of Darabjerdi with the pen name of ʽĀlemi (deceased in ah 975), from formalist criticism viewpoint in an analytic-descriptive method. After studying both sonnets and sources associated with formalist criticism, they concluded that the vocabulary used with negative connotation, music (exterior, lateral, and internal) as well as rhetorical figures and figures of speech in the two texts has significant role in conveying the meaning and content proposed by Sa'adi and ʽĀlemi. ʽĀlemi of Darabjerd considered Sa'adi's style and language in his sonnets and has been successful in inducing his intended meaning of distress (hozn and andooh) from the sepration (hijrān), that is well influenced from the form and structure of Sa'adi's sonnets.

Migrants undergo profound changes in encounter with the new environment, culture and customs during their emigration. Their concern of preserving native culture on the one hand, and making constructive relations with the new environment on the other are of emigrants difficulties. Novel is one of the most enduring tools for portraying the challenges migrants face with when embracing a dual identity. Many Arab writers, including the contemporary Algerian novelist Amara Lakhous in his novel kayfa tarḑaʽ min al-ḏỉ'ba duna an taʽazzoka (how you breast feed from a she-wolf without being bitted), have dealt with the subject of third world migrants in European countries. Lakhous novel draws on the identity crises of the immigrant and the cultural, social and religious contradictions they have experienced in those countries. The present study tries to analyse personalities of Lakhous novel according to Homi Bhabha ideas, an American-Indian theorist. The study's results show that the hybrid identity is portrayed in matters such as religion, food, language, race, name and mores. Moreover, the most immigrants are not capable of making discourse and cultural exchange. Their inability to make relations with the immigration space leads to their inability in accepting new identity.

Sanaei is one of the leading social poets, with his own style and epoch makers in Farsi literature. His most important innovation was introducing mysticism into Farsi poetry. His attention to his surrounding society and his specific attitude to the universe emerged a new discourse in the field of Farsi poetry and literature. Discourse analysis as a new approach in critical reading of texts, is one of the most important discussions in linguistics which analyzes and re-reads texts from the perspective of this approach. The basic idea in Goldmann’s formative constructivism is that the study of a distinguished work needs two stages: perception and description. In the first stage of perception stage, the work has to be understood in its structure. In the second stage of explanation, the work structure has to be situated in its social structure. The present study aims at the study mystic discourse in Sanaei’s Hadiqa al-haqiqa (The Garden of the Truth) based on developmental constructivism of “Lucien Goldmann” through descriptive-analytical method in two levels of perception and explanation. In “perception” stage it is shown through describing Sanaei’s belief elements in a holistic format with meaningful structure that Sanaei creates a new method of discourse system that is far from belief prejudices. Descriptive stage studies the structure of this literary work including it political, social, mental, cultural and theological conditions. The results revealed that Sanaei tries to explore a novel discourse for the modification, felicity and redemption of his society.

Officially formed in early 1800s, feminism is a movement that advocates the lost women rights. Gradually feminists’ beliefs entered literature, and many used their works as a tool to encounter the injustice imposed on the female society.Colette Khoury and Moniru Ravanipor are the two, Syrian and Iranian, writers, who have always tried to protest against the situation of women in society in their works and disclose their feminist viewpoints in their novels.Naturally, due to living in eastern societies and in concurrent eras, there are similarities between the literary works of both writers.Now, the question is what these similarities are? In this essay, using contrastive and descriptive analytic method, we have tried to answer this question. The results obtained from the study show that the main similarities found between the works of the two writers are as follows: mistrust and suspicion of men, discrimination against women, women's social degradation, women submission to social laws, coerced marriage and the traditional attitude of the society towards women. However, what distinguishes these two writers is that the women in Moniru Ravanipor are more oppressed. Moreover, she dealt with the superstitious and metaphysical costumes and traditions arose from naïve traditional beliefs and explicitly signifies to prostitution. But Colette Khoury has taken moderation into account in expressing her womanly experiences and mentalities and adhering them. The women of her stories have higher social status and are less offended and she has a simpler language to express issues, while Moniru Ravanipor has bitter and sharp language in describing daily routines in her novels and uses magic realistic style and deals with details.

In the second half of the 20 century Martin Seligman, American psychologist, proposed a new look to psychology. In his new approach, the psychologists focus on the half full part of the glass instead of its half empty part and illuminate dark points of the mind and psych by developing available capabilities of individuals. In this approach optimism is of two kinds: innate and explanatory. In innate optimism individual sees every future thing optimistic and justifies them for the sake of escape. But in explanatory optimism the individual ascribes the success to inner mental forces and causes. Knowing this psychological approach, the writers of this article led to search this outlook in Arabic poetic literature in order to deal with optimism in Motenabbi's panegyrics from Seligman psychological viewpoints in an interdisciplinary format and with the hypothesis that Motenabbi enjoyed an optimistic outlook in his poems. In this way the above mentioned hypothesis is solved by library studies and data gathering and the question of optimism in Motenabbi's panegyrics is answered from Seligman psychologic approach and ultimately the article reaches to two inate and explanatory optimism in Motenabbi's Divān (collected poems)

Coherence relates terminologically in general to the text linguistic and in particular to textuality. De Beaugrande and Dressler in describing positive factors or the features manifesting sum of the sentences as a text point to seven factors of which two factors of meaning coherence and continuity are important in textuality. Connection in semantic level or deep structure is achieved through different Factors, that the causality factor can be the most important of them; Because it is depended to the relationships  of text propositions from causative considerations. Causality in addition to the other coherence factors makes higher level structures with the chains of strong relations between small units. The function of these elements are naturally different in in frequency and importance from text to text. the present article investigates important factor of semantic connection, i.e., causality, in a contemporary story, and studies how much enjoys a contemporary narrative text from this factor as well as how it functions through a descriptive- analytic method and an statistical   approach. The analysis of frequency shows that causal factor is not  so frequent  in parts of the story that contains descriptive pauses. But in action-based parts this factor more present and effective presence in different levels of analysis.